很多雅思考生為了提高雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)，做了很多題目，但成效不大，這時(shí)可以想想是不是備考書籍選擇不當(dāng)造成，建議考生們多多看劍橋雅思真題。今天新航道雅思小編給大家?guī)砹藙蜓潘?1Test3閱讀Passage2翻譯,下篇介紹相應(yīng)的題目及答案分析。

  劍橋雅思11Test3閱讀Passage2翻譯-大遷徙

  Great Migrations

  大遷徙

  Animal migration, however it is defined, is far more than just the movement of animals. It can loosely be described as travel that takes place at regular intervals ?— often in an annual cycle — that may involve many members of a species, and is rewarded only after a long journey. It suggests inherited instinct. The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five characteristics that apply, in varying degrees and combinations, to all migrations. They are prolonged movements that carry animals outside familiar habitats; they tend to be linear, not zigzaggy; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation (such as overfeeding) and arrival; they demand special allocations of energy. And one more: migrating animals maintain an intense attentiveness to the greater mission, which keeps them undistracted by temptations and undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside.

  動物遷徒，無論如何下定義，都遠(yuǎn)不只是動物群的移動而已。它可以大致被描述為按照規(guī)律的間隔(通常是以年度為循環(huán)周期)來進(jìn)行的旅行，可能會涉及一個種群的許多成員，而且僅僅是在完成了長途跋涉之后才能獲得回報(bào)。這種行為顯示出了遺傳的本能。生物學(xué)家Hugh Dingle總結(jié)出了五條在不同程度上或以不同組合方式，適用于所有遷徙行為的特點(diǎn)。遷徙是曠日持久的長距離運(yùn)動，將動物們帶離熟悉的棲息地;它們往往是沿直線進(jìn)行，而不是曲折迂回的;它們牽涉到一些與行前準(zhǔn)備(例如超量進(jìn)食)和到達(dá)有關(guān)的特殊行為;它們需要進(jìn)行特殊的能量分配。并且還有一樣：遷徙中的動物有著一種對更遠(yuǎn)大使命的格外專注，這使它們不會被任何誘惑轉(zhuǎn)移了注意力，也不會因?yàn)槿魏螘屍渌麆游锿鴧s步的挑戰(zhàn)而裹步不前。

  An arctic tern, on its 20,000 km flight from the extreme south of South America to the Arctic circle, will take no notice of a nice smelly herring offered from a bird-watcher’s boat along the way. While local gulls will dive voraciously for such handouts, the tern flies on. Why? The arctic tern resists distraction because it is driven at that moment by an instinctive sense of something we humans find admirable: larger purpose. In other words, it is determined to reach its destination. The bird senses that it can eat, rest and mate later. Right now it is totally focused on the journey; its undivided intent is arrival.

  一只北極燕鷗，在它從南美洲的最南端飛向北極圈的20,000公里途中，對于一個觀鳥者從小船上提供給它的一條散發(fā)濃烈氣味的美味鯡魚將會毫不在意。本地海鷗將會貪婪地俯沖下來爭食這般饋贈，而燕鷗卻會繼續(xù)向前飛去。為什么?北極燕鷗之所以抗拒了這一分神因素，是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)那刻它被一種本能感覺所驅(qū)動著，我們?nèi)祟惏l(fā)現(xiàn)這種感覺十分令人欽佩：它叫做“更遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)”。換言之，它下定決心一定要到達(dá)它的目的地。這只鳥感覺到它可以稍后再進(jìn)食、休息和交配。當(dāng)前它的注意力完全集中在旅程本身上;它的絕對唯一目的就是抵達(dá)目的地。

  Reaching some gravelly coastline in the Arctic, upon which other arctic terns have converged, will serve its larger purpose as shaped by evolution: finding a place, a time, and a set of circumstances in which it can successfully hatch and rear offspring.

  去到北極的某個沙礫遍地的海岸，其他北極燕鷗都集結(jié)在了那里，這將讓它達(dá)成那個由進(jìn)化所塑造出來的更遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)：找到某個地點(diǎn)、某個時(shí)間和一系列環(huán)境條件，它可以在其間成功地孵化和養(yǎng)育后代。

  But migration is a complex issue, and biologists define it differently, depending in part on what sorts of animals they study. Joe! Berger, of the University of Montana, who works on the American pronghorn and other large terrestrial mammals, prefers what he calls a simple, practical definition suited to his beasts: ‘movements from a seasonal home area away to another home area and back again’. Generally the reason for such seasonal back-and-forth movement is to seek resources that aren’t available within a single area year-round.

  然而遷徙是個極其復(fù)雜的事件，而生物學(xué)家們對它的定義也各有不同，在某種程度上要取決于他們研究的是何種動物。蒙大納大學(xué)的Joel Berger研究的是美洲叉角羚和其他大型陸生哺乳動物，他傾向于使用一個適用于他所研究動物類型的、被他稱作簡單實(shí)用的定義：“從某個季節(jié)性棲息區(qū)域去到另一個棲息區(qū)域然后再回來的往復(fù)運(yùn)動”。這種季節(jié)性來回移動的原因通常是為了尋找某些在任何一個區(qū)域內(nèi)都并非全年存在的資源。

  But daily vertical movements by zooplankton in the ocean — upward by night to seek food, downward by day to escape predators — can also be considered migration. So can the movement of aphids when, having depleted the young leaves on one food plant, their offspring then fly onward to a different host plant, with no one aphid ever returning to where it started.

  但是海洋中浮游生物的每日垂直運(yùn)動——夜里上浮以尋找食物，白天下潛以躲避捕食者——也可以被視作遷徒。蚜蟲的活動也可被認(rèn)為是遷徙：當(dāng)一株食用植物上的所有嫩葉都被吃光以后，它們的后代就會飛去另一株宿主植物，沒有任何一只蚜蟲會回到自己出發(fā)的地方去。

  Dingle is an evolutionary biologist who studies insects. His definition is more intricate than Berger’s, citing those five features that distinguish migration from other forms of movement. They allow for the fact that, for example, aphids will become sensitive to blue light (from the sky) when it’s time for takeoff on their big journey, and sensitive to yellow light (reflected from tender young leaves) when it’s appropriate to land. Birds will fatten themselves with heavy feeding in advance of a long migrational flight. The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.

  Dingle是位研究昆蟲的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家。他的定義比Berger的定義更為細(xì)致，列舉出了將遷徙行為區(qū)別于其他形式動物活動的五條特征。它們考慮到了存在這樣的事實(shí)情況，例如蚜蟲在應(yīng)該起身踏上它們大行程的時(shí)候會對藍(lán)光(來自天空)變得敏感，而在應(yīng)該下落的時(shí)候則對黃光(來自嫩葉的反射)敏感。鳥類在進(jìn)行長途遷徙飛行之前會大量進(jìn)食來為自身增脂。(也就是說，Dingle承認(rèn)每個物種的遷徙行為都存在自身獨(dú)特之處而彼此各有差異。)Dingle認(rèn)為，他所下定義的價(jià)值在于，它集中關(guān)注了角馬遷徙與蚜蟲遷徙現(xiàn)象的共性，并以此來幫助研究者理解進(jìn)化是如何導(dǎo)致所有這些共性的產(chǎn)生的。

  Human behaviour, however, is having a detrimental impact on animal migration. The pronghorn, which resembles an antelope, though they are unrelated, is the fastest land mammal of the New World. One population, which spends the summer in the mountainous Grand Teton National Park of the western USA, follows a narrow route from its summer range in the mountains, across a river, and down onto the plains. Here they wait out the frozen months, feeding mainly on sagebrush blown clear of snow. These pronghorn are notable for the invariance of their migration route and the severity of its constriction at three bottlenecks. If they can’t pass through each of the three during their spring migration, they can’t reach their bounty of summer grazing; if they can’t pass through again in autumn, escaping south onto those windblown plains, they are likely to die trying to overwinter in the deep snow. Pronghorn, dependent on distance vision and speed to keep safe from predators, traverse high, open shoulders of land, where they can see and run. At one of the bottlenecks, forested hills rise to form a V, leaving a corridor of open ground only about 150 metres wide, filled with private homes. Increasing development is leading toward a crisis for the pronghorn, threatening to choke off their passageway.

  然而，人類活動正在對動物遷徙產(chǎn)生著有害影響。叉角羚雖然看起來頗似羚羊，但其實(shí)二者并無關(guān)系，它是新世界(注：New World 是英國人對美洲大陸的舊稱;相應(yīng)地，英美對傳統(tǒng)歐洲國家則稱之為Old World)里速度最快的陸生哺乳動物。其中一個種群會在美國西部大提頓國家公園的山脈間度過夏天，然后從其山間的夏季牧場沿一條狹窄路徑南下，穿過一條河，最后來到平原上。它們在這里熬過最寒冷的幾個月，主要靠吃被風(fēng)吹露出雪面以上的灌木蒿叢度日。這些叉角羚之所以引人注目，在于它們遷徙路線的年復(fù)一年從不改變，并且這條路線在三個瓶頸隘口，狹窄難行。如果它們在春季遷徙的過程中不能通過這三個路口中的任何一個，就無法抵達(dá)它們水草豐美的夏季樂園;如果它們在秋季再次穿行的時(shí)候不能通過路口而向南躲避到這些有風(fēng)吹襲的平原上，它們就有可能在北方厚厚的雪層中試圖過冬而死亡。叉角羚依靠遠(yuǎn)視能力和奔跑速度來躲避捕食者，一般穿行于平原的開闊凸起地帶，在這樣的地方它們才能四下張望和撒蹄狂奔。在這些隘口中的一處，兩側(cè)林木覆蓋的山巒聳立構(gòu)成了一個V形，留出一條只有大約150米寬的走廊空地，其上還建滿了私人住宅。不斷的發(fā)展正在引發(fā)一場叉角羚的生存危機(jī)，眼看就要封住了它們的穿越通道。

  Conservation scientists, along with some biologists and land managers within the USA’s National Park Service and other agencies, are now working to preserve migrational behaviours, not just species and habitats. A National Forest has recognised the path of the pronghorn, much of which passes across its land, as a protected migration corridor. But neither the Forest Service nor the Park Service can control what happens on private land at a bottleneck. And with certain other migrating species, the challenge is complicated further — by vastly greater distances traversed, more jurisdictions, more borders, more dangers along the way. We will require wisdom and resoluteness to ensure that migrating species can continue their journeying a while longer.

  物種保護(hù)科學(xué)家們，以及來自美國國家公園管理局和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的一些生物學(xué)家和土地管理者們，現(xiàn)在正致力于保護(hù)動物的遷徙行為，而不是僅著眼于物種和棲息地的保護(hù)。己有一片國家森林將叉角羚的遷徙路徑，其中一大部分路程要穿越該森林內(nèi)部，列為一條受保護(hù)的遷徙走廊。但無論森林保護(hù)局還是公園保護(hù)局都無法操控某個狹窄口的私人土地上到底會發(fā)生什么。而且由于另一些物種也會進(jìn)行遷徙活動，這一挑戰(zhàn)變得更加復(fù)雜，因?yàn)檫@些影響因素：動物長途跋涉走過的遙遠(yuǎn)路途、更多的土地管轄權(quán)、更多的邊境、沿途的更多危險(xiǎn)。我們將需要智慧與決心來確保這些遷徙的物種還能再將它們的長途行走活動進(jìn)行得更長久一些。

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